ABSTRACT
Background: Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death worldwide. The risk factors for breast cancer can be genetic mutation, age, and family history, reproductive risk factors such as early age at menarche and late age at menopause, older age at first full-term birth, number of children, nulliparity, and duration of breastfeeding. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of the patients with breast cancer attending tertiary care hospital in Southern Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective record-based study that was conducted in a tertiary health care hospital in Southern Rajasthan. Data were collected from the case files/records of the patients suffering from breast cancer. Information regarding the demographic details of patients (age at time of diagnosis, religion, place of residence, and education level), reproductive (age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first child birth, duration of breast feeding, and number of children) and life style related data were collected from case files for analysis. Results: The majority of the patients at the time of diagnosis were between 35 and 45 year age group followed by 46–55 year age group in the present study. The majority of the patients, 72.01% were from urban areas. The most of the patients at the time of diagnosis were in clinical Stage II and III. In the present study, 16% of the patients were <13 years of age at menarche, 12.23% had attained late menopause at >51 years, 7.99% patients had the first child birth at the age of >30 years, and 12.98% patients had the family history of breast cancer. Conclusion: Breast cancer develops earlier in Indian women compared to Western population and is one of the leading cause of mortality. Early detection and awareness about breast cancer through implementation of public health programs can help in reducing mortality.
ABSTRACT
Background: The Internet is an inevitable part of life especially in the education sector, but at the same time irrational use of the Internet causes behavioral disorders. A high number of personality disorders such as impulsive behavior, depression, anxiety, and stress were also observed among medical students. Aim and Objectives: Hence, the present study hypothesized to find out the association of depression, anxiety, and stress with Internet addiction (IA) among young medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 250 1st-year medical students after taking ethics approval and written informed consent. Personal information and socio-demographic profile of participants were obtained. Young IA Test and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) survey questionnaire was self-administered by participants. To identify the risk and protective factors for IA with DASS-21 step-wise multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results: The prevalence of IA was 24.0 % with mean scores (±Standard Deviation [SD]) of 39.01 (±16.99) among the medical students. Depression, anxiety, and stress mean scores (±SD) were 5.44 (±4.21), 4.94 (±3.84), 6.77 (±3.83), respectively. Students with IA had a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001) in all domains of DASS-21 over the non-internet addicted. A statistically significant positive relationship of IA with depression (coefficient of determination (R2), (R2 = 0.22)), anxiety (R2 = 0.26), and stress (R2 = 0.33) were observed. Conclusions: 1/4th of the medical students were internet-addicted and 3.0% having severe anxiety. 22.0% of depression, 26.0% of anxiety, and 33.0% of stress among young medical students are attributable to IA. The rational use of the internet should be learned for psychological health and well-being.